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Bibliographic record
- Year: 2026
- Identifier:
sha256:5babca653f71416e0b7f987dfe26e847394756940b04bae8aeb5a8fd3fd476d6 - URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blast_furnace
Cited by (21 claims)
- Even small amounts of moisture in a ladle, tap trough, or torpedo car represent a significant steam explosi…
- Abraham Darby first successfully substituted coke for charcoal as blast furnace fuel at Coalbrookdale, Engl…
- The blast furnace is the universal industrial production route for pig iron, operating continuously by smel…
- A blast furnace campaign (continuous operating period between hearth relinings) may last 10–20 years in mod…
- graphite blocks; the shaft with fireclay or alumina…
- Pig iron’s high carbon content reduces its melting point to ~1147°C (eutectic at 4.3 wt% C), far below pure…
- Modern blast furnaces are typically served by 3–4 Cowper stoves cycling between heating and blasting phases…
- Blast furnace ‘scaffold’ forms when charge material bridges across the furnace shaft; collapse of the scaff…
- Cast iron was produced in China from at least the 5th century BCE (late Zhou dynasty), predating European b…
- Gas released in a furnace blow-out is predominantly CO-rich blast furnace top gas (~20–25% CO); exposure of…
- In the blast furnace, limestone calcination occurs in the stack at approximately 800–900°C; the CaO produce…
- Irregular or absent descent of the burden is the primary operational indicator of scaffold formation in a b…
- Limestone flux calcines in the blast furnace stack (800–900°C: CaCO₃ → CaO + CO₂), then CaO reacts with sil…
- Contact of liquid iron (~1400–1550°C) with any moisture source causes instantaneous steam generation; 1 mL …
- Modern blast furnace tuyeres are water-cooled copper nozzles, typically 14–42 per furnace, that inject preh…
- The blast furnace operates as a countercurrent exchange process: solid charge (ore, coke, limestone) descen…
- Metallurgical coke serves three simultaneous functions in the blast furnace: (1) fuel for combustion at tuy…
- Iron oxide reduction in the blast furnace occurs in three temperature-dependent steps: Fe₂O₃→Fe₃O₄ (200–700…
- Pig iron produced by the blast furnace contains approximately 3.8–4.7 wt% C, making it brittle and requirin…
- The blast furnace interior has four principal zones, each with distinct temperature and chemistry: throat (…
- Modern industrial blast furnaces are 20–35 m tall with hearth diameters of 8–14 m and internal working volu…