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Bibliographic record
- Authors: Tylecote, R.F.
- Year: 1992
- Identifier:
ISBN:978-0-901462-88-6 - URL: https://openlibrary.org/books/OL9376811M/History_of_Metallurgy
- Snapshot sha256:
3cb8c50c6aa86efa932045ff147710ec906fae06ab63296d1cfeca5ecf235178 - Accessed: 2026-05-26
- Tier: primary
Cited by (33 claims)
- Abraham Darby first successfully substituted coke for charcoal as blast furnace fuel at Coalbrookdale, Engl…
- Fayalitic slag is composed primarily of fayalite (Fe₂SiO₄) with FeO typically 40–70 wt% and SiO₂ typically … (draft)
- Bloomery iron (wrought iron from shingled bloom) is distinguished from blast-furnace iron by fibrous slag i…
- Charcoal blast furnaces persisted in Sweden into the late 19th century and in North America until approxima…
- graphite blocks; the shaft with fireclay or alumina…
- Raw bloom contains approximately 30–50% occluded slag by mass. (draft)
- Double-action (two-chamber) bellows deliver a continuous airstream; single-action bellows deliver pulsed ai…
- Bloomery iron smelting was practiced from roughly 1200 BCE onward (conventional Iron Age onset, Near East a…
- Tongs are made from wrought iron (historically) or mild steel (modern), and must withstand repeated thermal…
- Tuyeres are positioned approximately 10–30 cm above furnace base at roughly 15–30° downward angle. (draft)
- Blast furnace ‘scaffold’ forms when charge material bridges across the furnace shaft; collapse of the scaff…
- Iron bloom forms at approximately 1100–1300 °C in the bloomery shaft — below iron’s melting point (1538 °C)…
- Iron (and later steel) tongs with long handles are used in bloomery smelting and forge work to grip hot met…
- High-phosphorus wrought iron exhibits cold-shortness — brittleness at ambient temperature that causes unexp…
- In the 16th–17th centuries, charcoal iron production became widely established in England and continued in …
- Raw bloom contains approximately 30–50% occluded slag by mass; this is an indicative range, highly variable… (draft)
- Bloomery tuyeres are sacrificial fired-clay nozzles with internal bore typically 2–5 cm, positioned approxi…
- Bloom must be extracted and shingled immediately while hot (approximately 800–1100 °C); as the bloom cools,…
- Charcoal-to-ore mass ratio is approximately 1:1 as a working guideline, with documented variation from ~0.7… (draft)
- Wrought iron’s slag stringers produce a fibrous fracture surface, distinguishing it visually and mechanical…
- Metallic iron yield is approximately 20–40% of ore mass charged; slag byproduct is approximately 60–80% of … (draft)
- Wrought iron is produced by hot-working (shingling) an iron bloom from bloomery smelting — the successive h…
- Pre-industrial bloomery ironmakers sourced charcoal from managed coppice woodland, operated by specialist c…
- Abraham Darby first used coke (from ‘charked’ coal) in a blast furnace at Coalbrookdale, England, on 10 Jan…
- Reduction zone temperature is approximately 1100–1300 °C during active smelting, below iron’s melting point…
- High FeO content in slag is inversely related to iron recovery efficiency — it indicates a larger proportio…
- Metallurgical coke requires low-sulfur coking coal (<1 wt% S in coke product); high sulfur in coke transfer…
- In bloomery iron smelting, bellows operators work continuously for the 2–8 hour active smelting period, mod…
- Carbon content distribution within a raw bloom is heterogeneous: zones adjacent to charcoal may be carburiz… (draft)
- Active smelting duration is typically 2–8 hours from first ore charge to bloom extraction.
- Wüstite is the final oxide intermediate before metallic iron in the direct reduction sequence (Fe₂O₃ → Fe₃O…
- Consolidated wrought iron typically contains less than 0.1 wt% carbon.
- The blast furnace interior has four principal zones, each with distinct temperature and chemistry: throat (…