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Tag: status/draft
99 items with this tag.
May 26, 2026
Coke dry quenching (CDQ) uses inert gas circulation to cool incandescent coke (~1,000°C) instead …
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May 26, 2026
Beehive coke ovens require 48–72 hours per coking cycle compared to 15–18 hours for modern by-pro…
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May 26, 2026
Metallurgical coke serves four critical functions in the blast furnace: (1) a reducing agent (con…
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May 26, 2026
Purified coke oven gas (COG) from by-product ovens is approximately 50–55 vol% hydrogen, 25–30 vo…
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May 26, 2026
Metallurgical coke produced by carbonization in slot ovens contains approximately 87–92 wt% fixed…
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May 26, 2026
OSHA has set a permissible exposure limit (PEL) for coke oven emissions of 150 µg/m³ benzene-solu…
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May 26, 2026
Modern horizontal slot-type coke oven chambers are approximately 15–20 m long, 6–9 m high, and 45…
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May 26, 2026
Modern by-product slot coke ovens carbonize coking coal at 900–1,100°C (oven chamber); flue wall …
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May 26, 2026
Coking coal blends for by-product slot oven cokemaking are formulated to achieve a volatile matte…
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May 26, 2026
Approximately 70–77 wt% of dry coking coal input reports as metallurgical coke; the remaining 23–…
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May 26, 2026
Coking coal must be crushed to approximately 80% minus 3 mm particle size (top size ~15 mm) befor…
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May 26, 2026
Investigating Relationships Between Intrinsic Properties, Preparation Parameters of Coal and Coke Quality: A Systematic Literature Review
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May 26, 2026
Post-Medieval Archaeology in Britain
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May 26, 2026
Studies in Ancient Technology
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May 26, 2026
The Making, Shaping and Treating of Steel, 11th Edition, Vol. 2: Ironmaking
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May 26, 2026
The Making, Shaping, and Treating of Steel: Ironmaking Volume
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May 26, 2026
Manual of Mineral Science
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May 26, 2026
Metallurgical Thermochemistry
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May 26, 2026
29 CFR § 1910.1029 — Coke Oven Emissions
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kind/standard
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May 26, 2026
A History of Metallurgy
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May 24, 2026
Coke Oven Battery
equipment
status/draft
May 24, 2026
Coal Dust Explosion
hazard
status/draft
May 24, 2026
Coke Oven Emissions
hazard
status/draft
May 24, 2026
Coke Oven Gas Explosion
hazard
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May 24, 2026
Coal Tar
material
status/draft
May 24, 2026
Coke Breeze
material
status/draft
May 24, 2026
Coke Oven Gas
material
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May 24, 2026
Coking Coal
material
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May 24, 2026
Cokemaking
procedure
status/draft
May 24, 2026
Coke (fuel) — Wikipedia (cokemaking process sections)
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kind/encyclopedia
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May 24, 2026
New Edge of the Anvil: A Resource Book for the Blacksmith
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May 24, 2026
The Identification of Slags from Archaeological Sites
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kind/technical_report
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May 24, 2026
The Making, Shaping, and Treating of Steel
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May 24, 2026
Physical Chemistry of High Temperature Technology
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May 23, 2026
ΔH° = +172 kJ/mol applies to charcoal (amorphous carbon) vs. graphite
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May 23, 2026
Fayalitic slag is composed primarily of fayalite (Fe₂SiO₄) with FeO typically 40–70 wt% and SiO₂ …
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May 23, 2026
Tuyere count range 14–42 per modern blast furnace.
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May 23, 2026
Coke carbon content 87–92 wt% fixed carbon (dry ash-free basis); ash 8–13 wt%.
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May 23, 2026
The practical yield of traditional earth-mound kilns is approximately 15–25 wt% of oven-dry wood,…
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May 23, 2026
Modern blast furnace operational figures: coke rate ~350–500 kg/tonne pig iron, daily output 5,00…
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May 23, 2026
CO concentration 'exceeding 1000 ppm' downwind of an operating bloomery furnace in calm conditions
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May 23, 2026
Typical blast furnace limestone lump size (25–75 mm) cited in common_forms.
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May 23, 2026
Bulk archaeological bloomery slag specific gravity is approximately 3.5–4.0 g/cm³; pure fayalite …
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May 23, 2026
Tensile strength of wrought iron: approximately 300–400 MPa stated in properties field.
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May 23, 2026
Raw bloom contains approximately 30–50% occluded slag by mass.
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May 23, 2026
Slag content upper bound of ~3 wt% in wrought iron — the task hint mentions 1–3 wt%; Britannica s…
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May 23, 2026
Slag melting temperature 1350–1550°C.
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May 23, 2026
Tuyeres are positioned approximately 10–30 cm above furnace base at roughly 15–30° downward angle.
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May 23, 2026
Blast furnace top gas composition: ~20–25% CO, ~20–25% CO₂, ~50% N₂.
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May 23, 2026
Kalugin stove as a modern variant achieving blast temperatures up to 1300°C.
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May 23, 2026
Porosity ~40–55% by volume.
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May 23, 2026
Density ~7.1–7.3 g/cm³ solid, ~6.9 g/cm³ molten.
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May 23, 2026
FeO and SiO₂ wt% composition ranges (40–70 wt% FeO, 15–30 wt% SiO₂) as indicative of bloomery sla…
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May 23, 2026
Raw bloom contains approximately 30–50% occluded slag by mass; this is an indicative range, highl…
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May 23, 2026
Pig iron is distinct from cast iron (CLM-PI-05).
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May 23, 2026
Charcoal-to-ore mass ratio is approximately 1:1 as a working guideline, with documented variation…
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May 23, 2026
Daily production upper bound: 10,000–13,000 tonnes/day for large modern blast furnaces.
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May 23, 2026
Earth mound kiln cycle duration of 7–14 days total and 2–7 days cooling.
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May 23, 2026
Raw bloom slag fraction (30–50% by mass) as a generalizable figure across furnace types
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May 23, 2026
Metallic iron yield is approximately 20–40% of ore mass charged; slag byproduct is approximately …
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May 23, 2026
Blast temperature in modern furnaces: 900–1200°C.
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May 23, 2026
Blast furnace tuyere tip velocity 150–250 m/s.
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May 23, 2026
Carbon content in bloom: specific wt% ranges (e.g., <0.1 wt% C in wrought iron portions; 0.2–0.8 …
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May 23, 2026
Coking time ~14–18 hours in modern slot ovens.
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May 23, 2026
Volatile matter <1 wt% remaining in coke after coking.
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May 23, 2026
The specific inhibitory plant hormone responsible for apical dominance suppression of epicormic b…
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May 23, 2026
Hot blast stove dimensions: 6–12 m diameter, 30–50 m tall; checkerwork surface area 30,000–60,000…
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May 23, 2026
Slag composition and GGBS yield: ~200–350 kg slag per tonne pig iron.
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May 23, 2026
Fayalitic slag has a liquidus temperature of approximately 1100–1200 °C, deliberately below proce…
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May 23, 2026
Tuyere angle (15–30° downward) and height (10–30 cm above base) as representative of non-European…
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May 23, 2026
Bulk slag specific gravity 3.5–4.0 g/cm³ for archaeological bloomery slag
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May 23, 2026
Hot blast temperature in modern furnaces: 900–1200°C.
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May 23, 2026
The African preheated-draft furnace (Haya, Tanzania) can produce temperatures up to ~1350–1400 °C.
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May 23, 2026
Carbon content distribution within a raw bloom is heterogeneous: zones adjacent to charcoal may b…
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May 23, 2026
Severity thresholds: '1600 ppm causes loss of consciousness within 2 hours; 12,800 ppm causes dea…
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May 23, 2026
Sub-Saharan African bloomery smelting antiquity comparable to or predating 1200 BCE Near Eastern …
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May 23, 2026
Blade edge angle of 25–35° inclusive for billhooks.
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May 23, 2026
Stool density 300–600 per hectare for hazel as typical UK figure.
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May 23, 2026
Raw bloom slag fraction (30–50% by mass) as a generalizable figure across furnace types.
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May 23, 2026
Severity: 'Molten metal steam explosion events in foundry and ironmaking contexts have caused fat…
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May 23, 2026
First-year hazel regrowth of 1–2 m from coppiced stools.
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May 23, 2026
Alkali vapors (K, Na from ore and coke) as a primary cause of scaffold/accretion formation.
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May 23, 2026
Species-specific specific gravity values for hazel (0.55–0.65), hornbeam (0.70–0.85), oak (0.65–0…
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May 23, 2026
Scaffold collapse having caused multiple fatalities in documented incidents.
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May 23, 2026
Alkaline leachate pH >12.
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May 23, 2026
Silicon content range 0.2–2.5 wt%, phosphorus 0.05–2.0 wt%, sulfur <0.06 wt% in composition field.
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May 23, 2026
Upper stability limit ~1597°C for magnetite at atmospheric pressure.
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May 23, 2026
ASM Metals Handbook, Vol. 1: Properties and Selection: Irons, Steels, and High-Performance Alloys
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May 23, 2026
Handbook of Charcoal Making: The Traditional and Industrial Methods
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May 23, 2026
Coppice Forestry
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May 23, 2026
Stand Structure and Dry Weight Production through the Sweet Chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) Coppice Cycle
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May 23, 2026
American Iron 1607–1900
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May 23, 2026
The Relevance of Recent African Iron-Smelting Practice to Reconstructions of Prehistoric Smelting Technology
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May 23, 2026
Iron in Archaeology: The European Iron Age and Early Middle Ages
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May 23, 2026
Phase Transformations in Metals and Alloys
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May 23, 2026
Ancient Woodland: Its History, Vegetation and Uses in England
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May 23, 2026
The Southwestern Blacksmith
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May 23, 2026
Slag Atlas
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May 23, 2026
The Knight and the Blast Furnace
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